Ekbert VON ÖHNINGEN
Characteristics
| Type | Value | Date | Place | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| name | Ekbert VON ÖHNINGEN |
[1]
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Events
| Type | Date | Place | Sources |
|---|
Sources
| 1 | Foundation for Medieveal Geneology, Swabia, Dukes: Chapter 3: Dukes of Swabia (Konradiner)
Author: Charles Cawley
Publication: Name: Medeival Lands; Location: Oak House, Vowchurch, Hereford, HR20RB, England; Date: 2001-2011;
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| Swabia was one of the four original provinces of Germany, covering theterritory which later split into the French province of Alsace, theGerman principalities of Baden and Württemberg, and most of northernSwitzerland. It evolved along different lines from the morecentralised province of Bavaria and the larger but more fragmentedprovince of Saxony. Originally known as Alemannia, the Alemans weredefeated by the Merovingian Franks under King Clovis at the end of the5th century and by the reign of King Theoderic I were under Frankishoverlordship. However, the local rulers were able to preservesemi-autonomy, a situation which was not tolerated by the laterMerovingians and early Carolingians, who launched a series of militarycampaigns against Alemannia in 709, 712, 743 and 746/47. During thelast of these, the Alemannic dukes were deposed and a large part ofthe Alemannic nobility killed at Canstatt, near Stuttgart[1],following which the territory was ruled by Warin and Ruthard on behalfof Pepin and Charles "Martel"[2]. During the following years, the territory was never united again undera single ruler: the Etichonid family ruled in Alsace, while theAlaholfing dynasty ruled in the valleys of the upper Danube and Neckarrivers. This presumably explains why Alemannia failed to retain itsnational identity after the Frankish takeover, in contrast toBavaria[3]. The territory was revived as a separate political entityin the early 10th century, coinciding with the significant decline incentral Carolingian authority and the revival of the duchy of Bavaria.The title used by the early Hunfriding rulers in Swabia is uncertain.A 903 diploma of Ludwig IV "das Kind" King of Germany refers to thefirst Hunfriding ruler Burkhard as "marchio Curiensis Rætiæ",indicating the creation of a short-lived march in what is now northernSwitzerland. Other contemporary sources give him the more generaltitles of "comes et princeps Alamannorum" and "dux". It is unlikelythat either of these latter titles was officially sanctioned by thekings/emperors, as contemporary imperial diplomas give the title comesto Burchard. Development of an autonomous Swabian duchy was delayedby the rebellions of Burkhard [I] in 911 and of his son Burkhard [II]in 914, although the latter is given the title dux at a later date incontemporary sources. The new duchy appears to have been firmlyestablished by 926 when Heinrich I King of Germany installed Hermann[Konradiner] as duke. This was the first direct intervention by thecentral regal authority in ducal appointments in Germany, but becamethe accepted pattern during the rest of the 10th century with dukedomssuch as Swabia being treated by the king like an office, the titlebeing awarded and removed with regularity depending on the loyalty ofthe office-holder. During the following 150 years, the dukes ofSwabia were chosen from ten different dynasties, with the Hunridingand Konradiner families being the only ones which provided Swabianrulers over three consecutive generations. The decline in the central authority of the dukes of Swabia probablydates from the investiture crisis involving Heinrich IV King ofGermany, which resulted in the election of a series of anti-kings.The election of rival kings was mirrored in the appointment of rivaldukes in Swabia, with the authority of duke Berthold von Rheinfeldenbeing challenged by Friedrich von Hohenstaufen in 1079, and thelatter's authority being challenged in turn in 1092 by duke Berthold[Zähringen]. Although the Staufen duke prevailed on the latteroccasion, his Zähringen rival was compensated by recognition of hispersonal title of duke, which was also transmitted to his descendants.This represented the first time in which two individuals bothpeaceably held the title dux at any one time in any of the originalGerman provinces. The significance is heightened by the fact that thedux was traditionally the sole military as well as political leader ineach province. For Swabia, therefore, the presence of two dukeswithin the province was a significant change, although the differencewould probably have remained symbolic if it had not been for otherfactors which accelerated the decline in the power of the Swabiandukes. Foremost was a third ducal presence in Swabia. In 1096, theWelf family established themselves definitively as dukes of Bavaria.However, their original power-base was Swabia where they were stillmajor landholders and where contemporary sources such as necrologiesshow that they also used the title dux. At the same time, the Staufendukes were widening their horizon of activity away from Swabia.Although they took their name from the Swabian castle of Staufen, thefamily acquired extensive property in Franconia, bequeathed to DukeFriedrich II by his maternal uncle Emperor Heinrich V. The electionof Konrad von Staufen as Konrad III King of Germany in 1138, and thatof his nephew as King Friedrich I "Barbarossa" in 1152, signalled thefamily's definitive removal from the provincial Swabian field ofactivity to the national stage. Members of the Staufen family heldthe title Duke of Swabia until the last male heir Konradin wasbeheaded in 1268, but it is clear that these were largely honorificappointments. Contemporary sources reveal little direct involvementby these successor dukes in Swabian government. During the disputebetween Konrad IV King of Germany and the papal party, with Willem IICount of Holland as its figurehead and anti-king, Swabia was largelyanti-Staufen. The reaction against Staufen control enabled the local Swabiannobility to assert their autonomy. The duchy of Swabia virtuallydisappeared as a territorial unit and dissolved into a collection ofterritorial fragments[4]. A further difficulty for Swabia was thetransfer of parts of its territory, particularly in Alsace, toneighbouring jurisdictions such as the kingdom of Burgundy and theduchy of Upper Lotharingia (Lorraine). Religious administration in Swabia centred on the archbishopric ofMainz, established by the Carolingians in 747, which also coveredlarge areas in Saxony and Franconia. The bishoprics within theSwabian sector of the province were Augsburg (whose jurisdiction alsoincluded part of Bavaria), Konstanz, Chur and Strasbourg, all foundedin the late 8th or early 9th centuries. The bishopric of Basel fellwithin the province of Besançon in the neighbouring kingdom ofBurgundy. The bishoprics of Basel and Strasbourg were responsible forAlsace, Augsburg covered eastern Swabia, while the bishopric ofKonstanz covered the area to the south-east, and Chur covered part ofpresent-day Switzerland[5]. [1] Reuter, T. (1991) Germany in the early middle ages c.800-1056(Longman), p. 58. [2] Reuter (1991), p. 64. [3] Reuter (1991), pp. 59-60. [4] Bayley, C. C. (1949) The Formation of the German College ofElectors in the mid-Thirteenth Century (Toronto), p. 33. [5] Reuter (1991), p. 60. |
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| Title | Familienstammbaum Engelken |
| Description | |
| Id | 46985 |
| Upload date | 2014-12-22 06:03:51.0 |
| Submitter |
Roger Engelken
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| rengelken@msn.com | |
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